Monosodium glutamate (MSG) has a captivating journey spanning a century of culinary and scientific historical past. In 1908, Japanese chemist Kikunae Ikeda made a groundbreaking discovery whereas investigating the distinctive savoury style of kelp broth. He efficiently remoted glutamate because the compound accountable for this distinctive flavour, which he named “umami,” and subsequently developed a way to synthesise MSG.[1] A 12 months later, industrial manufacturing of MSG started.
The recognition of MSG unfold quickly throughout Asia within the early twentieth century, first gaining traction in Japan and later increasing to China by 1918. Its journey to Western markets took a special path, coming into the US by way of Hawaii within the Twenties, pushed by Japanese immigrant communities. Whereas it didn’t instantly catch on in American dwelling kitchens, MSG discovered its method into processed meals, frozen meals, and canned soups by the Fifties, essentially altering industrial meals manufacturing.
At the moment, MSG stays one of the crucial broadly used flavour enhancers globally, with an estimated annual manufacturing of two million tons.[1] Regardless of its widespread use and the FDA’s designation as “typically recognised as secure” (GRAS), MSG has develop into a topic of ongoing debate and scrutiny. Its presence in our meals provide ranges from fast-food eating places to packaged snacks, highlighting its enduring affect on trendy meals manufacturing and consumption patterns.
Early research rapidly claimed MSG as poisonous and dangerous, particularly in massive portions. Nevertheless, these poorly carried out research are actually seen as flawed, reshaping the notion MSG has on the human physique. Nonetheless, many report meals intolerance signs related to MSG consumption, making it a very perplexing ingredient with a lot to find.
What’s Monosodium Glutamate (MSG)?
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a flavour enhancer composed of sodium and glutamic acid, an amino acid that happens naturally in lots of meals. The compound consists of 78% glutamate, 12% sodium, and 10% water, forming a white, crystalline powder that readily dissolves in water.
The chemical components for MSG is C5H8NO4Na, present as separate sodium cations and glutamate anions in zwitterionic type when in stable state. When dissolved in water, it separates into sodium and free glutamate, just like how desk salt dissolves into its part ions.
Fashionable MSG manufacturing primarily depends on bacterial fermentation, a course of just like making yoghurt or wine. The method begins with carbohydrate-rich sources like sugar cane, sugar beets, or corn, that are fermented by specialised micro organism to provide glutamic acid. This glutamic acid is then purified, neutralised with sodium hydroxide, and crystallised to create the ultimate MSG powder.
Can You Develop an MSG Sensitivity?
MSG sensitivity can develop at any age, as demonstrated by documented circumstances the place people who beforehand consumed MSG with out points later developed antagonistic reactions. In a single notable case, a affected person skilled no allergic signs from MSG-containing meals earlier than age 13, solely to develop sensitivity in her teenage years[2].
The prevalence of MSG sensitivity reactions has been a topic of scientific investigation, although actual numbers stay tough to ascertain. Research inspecting self-reported MSG sensitivity have proven various outcomes. In a single complete research, amongst 61 members who believed they have been MSG-sensitive, roughly 36.1% reacted to MSG, whereas 24.6% reacted to placebo, and 9.8% responded to each. The severity and nature of reactions usually enhance with increased doses, notably when MSG is consumed with out meals, with 2.5 grams showing to be a threshold dose for reactivity in delicate people[3].
Whereas many individuals declare sensitivity to MSG, managed scientific research have discovered that documented circumstances of true MSG reactions are much less frequent than perceived sensitivity would counsel. Most meals with added MSG comprise lower than 0.5 grams of the additive, although, in closely seasoned restaurant meals, consumption can attain as much as 5 grams or extra. The typical each day consumption is estimated to be between 0.3-1.0 grams for most individuals.[4] Curiously, analysis has proven that many people who self-report MSG intolerance typically have incomplete or incorrect data about what MSG is and which meals comprise it.[5]
Is Sensitivity to MSG a Meals Allergy or Intolerance?
MSG sensitivity is primarily labeled as a meals intolerance moderately than a real meals allergy, because it usually doesn’t contain an IgE-mediated immune system response. The response happens when the digestive system has issue processing MSG, main to numerous signs with out triggering the physique’s immune defences.
A real meals allergy entails the immune system’s overreaction to a meals protein by way of IgE antibodies, which might set off extreme reactions even with minimal publicity.
MSG intolerance manifests by way of a set of signs often called “MSG symptom complicated,” which usually happens when consuming greater than 3 grams of MSG.
Uncommon Kind I Allergic Reactions
Whereas extraordinarily uncommon, a groundbreaking case research has documented the primary confirmed occasion of a Kind I allergic response to MSG. The case concerned a girl who skilled tongue swelling and oral signs, confirmed by way of pores and skin prick testing and oral problem exams. Histological examination revealed mast cell infiltration and different markers in step with a real allergic response.[2]
The excellence between MSG intolerance and allergy is essential for correct analysis and administration. Whereas most individuals who react to MSG expertise intolerance signs, the potential of a real allergic response, although extraordinarily uncommon, shouldn’t be utterly dismissed.
What are the Signs of MSG Sensitivity?
MSG sensitivity can manifest by way of a various vary of signs, usually showing inside two hours of consuming meals containing MSG. The severity and mixture of signs can range considerably from individual to individual, with some experiencing gentle discomfort whereas others face extra intense reactions.
Frequent Digestive Signs
The digestive system typically bears the brunt of MSG sensitivity, with signs together with:
- Bloating
- Fuel
- Diarrhea
- Stomach ache
- Nausea
Neurological and Sensory Signs
Many individuals expertise neurological results, equivalent to:
- Complications
- Facial strain or tightness
- Numbness or burning sensations within the mouth, face, or neck
- Tingling pores and skin
Systemic Reactions
Some people might expertise broader systemic signs together with:
- Facial flushing
- Extreme sweating
- Normal weak point
- Drowsiness
- Coronary heart palpitations
- Chest ache
The depth of signs usually correlates with the quantity of MSG consumed, with reactions being extra pronounced when MSG is consumed on an empty abdomen or in portions exceeding 3 grams. Whereas most signs are gentle and self-limiting, some people might expertise extra extreme reactions requiring medical consideration.
It’s price noting that lower than 1% of the overall inhabitants seems to be notably delicate to MSG. When signs do happen, they usually resolve on their very own with out requiring particular remedy, although staying hydrated and resting may also help handle gentle signs.
What’s MSG Symptom Complicated?
MSG symptom complicated, previously often called “Chinese language Restaurant Syndrome,” refers to a set of signs some folks report experiencing after consuming meals containing monosodium glutamate. This situation first entered medical discourse in 1968 by way of a letter printed within the New England Journal of Drugs, describing signs like complications and palpitations after consuming at Chinese language eating places.
Regardless of widespread anecdotal experiences, scientific proof linking MSG to those signs stays restricted. In a notable research of self-identified MSG-sensitive people, 36.1% responded to MSG, whereas 24.6% reacted to placebo, suggesting that some reactions may be psychosomatic.[6] Analysis has indicated that signs usually happen when consuming greater than 3 grams of MSG on an empty abdomen, whereas most meals comprise lower than 0.5 grams of the additive.
The situation’s unique naming and subsequent stigma have been recognised as problematic, rooted in xenophobic attitudes towards Asian delicacies. Latest analysis means that many early research claiming MSG’s dangerous results have been poorly designed and influenced by cultural biases.
The U.S. Meals and Drug Administration has constantly maintained MSG’s standing as “typically recognised as secure,” and a number of managed research have failed to ascertain a transparent causal relationship between MSG and reported signs.
When signs do happen, they usually come up a few hours after MSG consumption and infrequently embody:
- Headache and facial strain
- Numbness or burning sensations
- Flushing and sweating
- Coronary heart palpitations
- Normal weak point
- Nausea
The severity and mixture of signs range amongst people, with reactions being extra pronounced when MSG is consumed with out meals. Whereas most signs are gentle and self-limiting, the mechanism behind these reactions stays unclear, although analysis signifies it doesn’t contain an IgE-mediated immune response typical of true meals allergic reactions.
Results of MSG on the Digestive System
MSG interacts with the digestive system in a number of complicated methods, starting the second it enters the mouth. When consumed, MSG prompts glutamate receptors within the mouth, triggering elevated salivation and signaling the presence of protein within the mind.
Gastric Perform
MSG consumption stimulates elevated gastric acid secretion, which might have an effect on general digestive operate. Analysis has proven that common consumption of MSG in doses of 15-30 mg/kg can result in adjustments in abdomen acid manufacturing and probably affect the gastric mucosa.[7] Nevertheless, some research counsel that MSG may very well speed up gastric emptying by facilitating duodenal motility in sure people.[8]
Intestine Microbiota Affect
MSG considerably influences intestine microbiota composition. Research have revealed that MSG administration can alter the steadiness of intestinal micro organism, affecting the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes – a key indicator of metabolic well being. It may lower helpful micro organism like Akkermansia, which performs an important function in sustaining intestine barrier operate.[9] Nevertheless, some latest analysis means that low doses of MSG may even have probiotic-like advantages by selling intestinal growth and regulating intestinal flora.[10]
Barrier Perform
MSG can have an effect on the integrity of the intestinal barrier by influencing mucus secretion and tight junction proteins. Analysis has proven decreased ranges of ZO-1 (a good junction protein) and altered expression of antimicrobial peptides in MSG-treated topics, probably compromising intestine barrier operate.[9] This disruption might contribute to elevated intestinal permeability and subsequent inflammatory responses.
Intestinal Sensitivity
Latest research have demonstrated that MSG publicity can enhance visceral sensitivity, notably in people with pre-existing digestive circumstances. This heightened sensitivity might clarify why some folks expertise extra pronounced digestive signs after consuming MSG-containing meals.[11]
What Meals are Excessive in MSG?
MSG happens naturally in lots of meals and as an added ingredient in processed merchandise. Recognising which meals comprise MSG may also help you make higher dietary decisions that align together with your weight loss program.
Naturally Occurring MSG
Meals with the best pure concentrations of free glutamates embody:
- Parmesan cheese
- Roquefort cheese
- Dried shiitake mushrooms
- Inexperienced peas
- Corn
Fermented and Aged Merchandise
These merchandise naturally develop excessive MSG content material by way of the fermentation course of:
- Soy sauceÂ
- Fish sauceÂ
- Miso
- Aged cheeses
Processed Meals with Added MSG
Frequent processed meals containing added MSG embody:
- Quick meals gadgets (notably at KFC, Chick-fil-A, Wendy’s, and McDonald’s)
- Frozen meals and pizzas
- Canned soups and soup mixes
- Processed meats (scorching canines, lunch meats, beef jerky)
- Seasoning blends and condiments
Asian Delicacies Elements
Conventional Asian cooking components typically comprise important quantities of MSG:
- Oyster sauce
- Kimchi
- Seaweed product
Snack Meals
Common snack gadgets ceaselessly containing added MSG:
- Potato chips (particularly flavoured varieties)
- Flavored popcorn
- Path combine
- Crackers
How Can You Inform if Meals Incorporates MSG?
Figuring out MSG in meals merchandise requires cautious label studying, as it will possibly seem underneath numerous names. The FDA mandates that added MSG have to be listed as “monosodium glutamate” within the ingredient panel. Nevertheless, MSG will also be current by way of different components that naturally comprise or produce it.
Frequent MSG Indicators
Search for these components on meals labels:
- Hydrolysed protein
- Autolysed yeast
- Yeast extract
- Hydrolysed vegetable protein (HVP)
- Soy extracts
- Protein isolate
Remember that claims like “No MSG” or “No Added MSG” might be deceptive if the product comprises components that naturally have MSG. Merchandise containing components with pure MSG can’t legally declare “No MSG” on their packaging, even when no extra MSG was added.
Keep in mind that naturally occurring MSG in meals like tomatoes, cheeses, and mushrooms doesn’t require particular labelling, making it not possible to utterly keep away from glutamates in your weight loss program.
How Do You Treatment MSG Signs?
Most MSG signs are typically reasonable and self-limiting, however a number of efficient cures may also help alleviate discomfort whereas the compound leaves your system.
A very powerful speedy step is to extend your water consumption. Ingesting loads of water helps flush MSG out of your system and might cut back symptom period. For nausea aid, consuming ginger or peppermint tea might be helpful.
A number of medicines may also help handle particular signs:
- Antihistamines for respiratory difficulties or facial swelling
- Ache relievers for complications
- Anti-nausea medicine for digestive discomfort
Extra cures embody:
- Getting ample relaxation whereas signs persist
- Taking vitamin B6 (50 mg) which may assist course of MSG into innocent byproducts
- Quickly avoiding sodium-rich meals and drinks, which can intervene with the physique’s capability to flush out MSG
Most individuals expertise aid inside just a few hours of symptom onset. Nevertheless, if signs are extreme or persist past 48 hours, searching for medical consideration is advisable. For these experiencing chest ache, issue respiratory, or extreme swelling, speedy emergency care is critical.
Can You Deal with or Treatment MSG Sensitivity Lengthy-Time period?
Whereas there is no such thing as a everlasting treatment for MSG sensitivity, a number of long-term administration methods may also help minimise reactions and enhance high quality of life. The simplest strategy is a mix of preventive measures and life-style modifications.
Vitamin B6 Supplementation
Analysis means that vitamin B6 supplementation might assist cut back MSG sensitivity. Taking 50 mg of vitamin B6 each day for no less than 12 weeks has proven promising outcomes, with research indicating that eight out of 9 folks skilled diminished reactions to MSG with this remedy.
Prevention Via Weight loss plan
Probably the most dependable long-term technique stays cautious dietary administration:
- Preserve an in depth meals diary to determine set off meals
- Learn ingredient labels completely
- Talk with restaurant workers about MSG content material
- Take into account working with a dietitian to develop a sustainable meal plan
Pure Safety
Some pure compounds might provide protecting results towards MSG sensitivity, together with:
- Calendula officinalis
- Inexperienced tea
- Ginkgo biloba
- Antioxidant nutritional vitamins
Whereas MSG sensitivity might be difficult to handle, most individuals can efficiently management their signs by way of cautious dietary decisions and preventive measures. The FDA continues to categorise MSG as “typically recognised as secure,” and there’s no proof of long-term well being issues from MSG consumption.
Nevertheless, people who expertise extreme reactions ought to seek the advice of with healthcare suppliers for personalised administration methods. Meals intolerance exams are an amazing instrument as effectively to have in your arsenal to raised detect and defend your self from undesirable meals reactions.
Scientific References:
- Sano C. Historical past of glutamate manufacturing. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Sep;90(3):728S-732S. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27462F. Epub 2009 Jul 29. PMID: 19640955.
- Osada R, Oshikata C, Kurihara Y, Terada Okay, Kodama Y, Yamashita Y, Nakadegawa R, Masumitsu H, Motobayashi Y, Takayasu H, Masumoto N, Manabe S, Zhu Y, Tanaka R, Kaneko T, Sasaki A, Tsurikisawa N. A Case of Kind I Meals Allergy Induced by Monosodium Glutamate. J Bronchial asthma Allergy. 2024 Mar 7;17:161-165. doi: 10.2147/JAA.S451911. PMID: 38469567; PMCID: PMC10926854.
- Yang WH, Drouin MA, Herbert M, Mao Y, Karsh J. The monosodium glutamate symptom complicated: evaluation in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised research. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997 Jun;99(6 Pt 1):757-62. doi: 10.1016/s0091-6749(97)80008-5. PMID: 9215242.
- Niaz Okay, Zaplatic E, Spoor J. Intensive use of monosodium glutamate: A risk to public well being? EXCLI J. 2018 Mar 19;17:273-278. doi: 10.17179/excli2018-1092. PMID: 29743864; PMCID: PMC5938543.
- Pavia, Carmen. “Reactions to MSG.” Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Allergy Unit, College of New South Wales, November 2001
- Yang WH, Drouin MA, Herbert M, Mao Y, Karsh J. The monosodium glutamate symptom complicated: evaluation in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised research. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997 Jun;99(6 Pt 1):757-62. doi: 10.1016/s0091-6749(97)80008-5. PMID: 9215242.
- Falalieieva TM, Kukhars’kyÄ VM, Berehova TV. [Effect of long-term monosodium glutamate administration on structure and functional state of the stomach and body weight in rats]. Fiziol Zh (1994). 2010;56(4):102-10. Ukrainian. PMID: 20968043.
- Teramoto H, Shimizu T, Yogo H, Nishimiya Y, Hori S, Kosugi T, Nakayama S. Gastric emptying and duodenal motility upon consumption of a liquid meal with monosodium glutamate in wholesome topics. Physiol Rep. 2014 Jan 6;2(1):e00187. doi: 10.1002/phy2.187. PMID: 24744869; PMCID: PMC3967673.
- Zhang, Li, et al. “Quercetin Ameliorates Intestine Microbiota Dysbiosis That Drives Hypothalamic Harm and Hepatic Lipogenesis in Monosodium Glutamate-Induced Stomach Weight problems.” Frontiers in Diet, vol. 8, 2021, Article 671353
- Xu J, Tang M, Liu Y, et al. Security evaluation of monosodium glutamate primarily based on intestinal operate and flora in mice. Meals Science and Human Wellness, 2022, 11(1): 155-164.
- Bailey, J. A. Brant, et al. “Dietary Monosodium Glutamate Will increase Visceral Hypersensitivity in a Mouse Mannequin of Visceral Ache.” Neurogastroenterology & Motility, vol. 35, no. 4, Apr. 2023, article e14596.Â
